Metal is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel).
The physical properties of metal are:
1. They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
2. They have high specific gravity.
3. They have high melting and boiling point.
4. They are malleable and ductile in nature.
5. They have metallic luster.
Iron is called metal because it shows metallic property.
Chemical properties of metal are:
Metals like zinc, iron reacts with sulphuric acids to produce the hydrogen gas.
Fe + dil. H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Some metals Mg, Ca combine with oxygen to produce oxides
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Metallurgy
The process of extraction of metal from its ores is called metallurgy.
Metallurgical processes are:
Crushing of the ores
Pulverization of the crushed ore
Concentration of the ore
Calcinations and roasting
Extraction of the metals
Refining
Iron
Symbol:Fe
Atomic weight:26amu
Atomic no:55.84
Valency: 3 and 2
Iron is transition element and known as d block element. It belongs to group VII of the periodic table. The electronic configuration of iron is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2,3d6
Occurrence: Iron is very rarely found in free state but it occurs in a combined form. It is found in the body of living organisms. Ores of iron are Hematite and Magnetite
Properties
When iron is immersed in copper sulphate solution, copper is liberated.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
When iron and chlorine is heated, it forms ferric chloride.
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
When iron and chlorine is heated, it forms ferric chloride.
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
Reaction of iron with acids
Fe + dil. H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Fe + dil. 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
4Fe + dil. 10HNO3 → 4Fe (NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
Fe + dil. H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Fe + dil. 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
4Fe + dil. 10HNO3 → 4Fe (NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
When iron is exposed to moist air, a brown scale of rust is formed and rusting takes place in iron.
The chemical formula of rust is (2Fe2O3.H2O)
The chemical formula of rust is (2Fe2O3.H2O)
Uses
1. It is used as making rods, pipes
2. It is used in the manufacture of steel
3. It is used in making household utensils
4. It is used as a catalyst in chemical reaction.
Aluminum
Symbol: Al
Atomic weight: 27amu
Atomic no: 13
Valency: 3
Ores: bauxite, feldspar, caryolite.
The electronic configuration of iron is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 2p1,
Properties
Reaction of Aluminum with acids
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2Al + conc. 6H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2Al + conc. 6H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
When aluminum is heated with nitrogen, then aluminum nitride is formed.
2Al + N2 → 2AlN
2Al + N2 → 2AlN
When aluminum is heated with chloride, then aluminum chloride is formed.
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Br2 → 2AlBr3
2Al + 3I2 → 2AlI3
Uses
The uses of aluminum are as follows:
I. It is used in making coins.
II. It is used in electric cables.
III. Aluminum foil is used in wrapping.
The uses of aluminum are as follows:
I. It is used in making coins.
II. It is used in electric cables.
III. Aluminum foil is used in wrapping.
Copper
Symbol: Cu
Atomic weight: 67.57amu
Atomic no: 29
Valency: 1 and 2
The electronic configuration of iron is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1,3d10
Properties
With concentrated Nitric acid,
Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
With dilute nitric acid
4Cu + 10HNO3 → Cu (NO3)2 + 2N2O + 4H2O
Reaction of copper with acids
Cu + conc. H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
2Cu + conc. HCl → 2CuCl + H2
Cu + conc. 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Cu + conc. H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
2Cu + conc. HCl → 2CuCl + H2
Cu + conc. 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Uses
1. It is used for making electrical goods and cables
2. It is used for making coins, pieces of jewelers.
3. It is used for electroplating
4. It is used in electrolytic process.
Silver
Symbol: Ag
Atomic weight: 107.88amu
Atomic no:47
Valency: 1
Ores: Argentite, Horn silver, pyrolite
The electronic configuration of silver is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10 4p6, 5s1, 4d10
Properties
When silver is heated with bromine, then there is formation of silver bromide.
2Ag + Br2 → 2AgBrsilver
2Ag + Br2 → 2AgBrsilver
Action with Sulphur:
2Ag + S → Ag2S (Silver Sulphide)
2. Action with halogen:
2Ag + Cl → 2AgCl (Silver Chloride)
Action with nitric acid:
Ag + conc. 2HNO3 → 3AgNO3 + 2H2O +NO
(Silver Nitrate)
The mixture is called Aqua Regia.
2Ag + conc. H2SO4 → Ag2SO4 +H2O + SO2
4Ag + conc. 4HCl + O2 → 4AgCl +2H2O
(Silver Chloride)
i.
3Ag + dil. 4HNO3 → 3AgNO3 + 2H20 +NO
Ag+ conc. 2HNO3 → AgNO3 +H2O +NO2
Uses
1. It is used for making coins, pieces of jewelers.
2. Silver bromide is used in photography.
3. It is used in the preparation of silver salts and medicine.
4. It is used for silvering mirror.
Gold
Symbol: Au
Atomic weight:197.2amu
Atomic no:79
Valency: 1 and 3
The electronic configuration of silver is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2,3d104p6, 5s2,4d10, 5p6, 6s1,4f14,5d10
Gold is called noble metal. Gold is found in native state because it does not react with other elements in ordinary conditions.
Properties
Action with Acid:
2Au + 3HNO3 + 9HCl → 3NOCl + H2O +2AUCl3
(Aqua Regia) (Nitrosyl Chloride)
Action with Halogens:
2Au + 3Cl2 → 2AuCl3
Action with alkali Cyanide:
4Au + 8KCN + 2H2O → 4K[Au (CN) 2] + 4KOH
(Potassium aurocyanide)
Uses
1. It is used for electroplating
2. It is used to prepare alloys.
3. It is used for making pieces of jewelers.
4. It is used as ornaments.
Hydrocarbons and their derivatives
Hydrocarbons are the chemical compounds made by the composition of hydrogen and carbon. Example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propene (C3H6), acetylene (C2H2) etc.
There are two types of hydro carbons. They are:
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
The hydrocarbons with single bonded carbon atoms are known as saturated hydrocarbons.
It consists of only one group i.e. alkane group.
Example: Methane, Ethane, etc.
The hydrocarbons with double bonded or triple bonded carbon atoms are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
It consists of alkene and alkyne group.
Example: Propene, Propyne, etc.
An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond. The double bond is formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons. For eg: Methane, Propane etc
Alkynes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. The triple bond is formed by the sharing of three pairs of electrons. For Eg: Acetylene, Methyl acetylene etc.
Homologous series is defined as a group of organic compounds having similar structures and chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group.
The characteristics of homologous series are:
1. All the members of the same series can be represented by the same formula.
2. All members of the series show similar chemical properties.
3. Each excessive member of a homologous series differs by CH2.
4. All the members of the same series have the same functional group like alcohol (-OH), ether (-O-) etc.
Example. C2H6,C3H8
Functional group is defined as an atom of group of atoms which determines the chemical behavior of organic compounds.
The hydrocarbon unit derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from alkane is called alkyl group.
Metal is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel).
The physical properties of metal are:
1. They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
2. They have high specific gravity.
3. They have high melting and boiling point.
4. They are malleable and ductile in nature.
5. They have metallic luster.
Iron is called metal because it shows metallic property.
Chemical properties of metal are:
Metals like zinc, iron reacts with sulphuric acids to produce the hydrogen gas.
Fe + dil. H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Some metals Mg, Ca combine with oxygen to produce oxides
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Metallurgy
The process of extraction of metal from its ores is called metallurgy.
Metallurgical processes are:
Crushing of the ores
Pulverization of the crushed ore
Concentration of the ore
Calcinations and roasting
Extraction of the metals
Refining
Iron
Symbol:Fe
Atomic weight:26amu
Atomic no:55.84
Valency: 3 and 2
Iron is transition element and known as d block element. It belongs to group VII of the periodic table. The electronic configuration of iron is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2,3d6
Occurrence: Iron is very rarely found in free state but it occurs in a combined form. It is found in the body of living organisms. Ores of iron are Hematite and Magnetite
Properties
When iron is immersed in copper sulphate solution, copper is liberated.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
When iron and chlorine is heated, it forms ferric chloride.
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
When iron and chlorine is heated, it forms ferric chloride.
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
Reaction of iron with acids
Fe + dil. H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Fe + dil. 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
4Fe + dil. 10HNO3 → 4Fe (NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
Fe + dil. H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Fe + dil. 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
4Fe + dil. 10HNO3 → 4Fe (NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
When iron is exposed to moist air, a brown scale of rust is formed and rusting takes place in iron.
The chemical formula of rust is (2Fe2O3.H2O)
The chemical formula of rust is (2Fe2O3.H2O)
Uses
1. It is used as making rods, pipes
2. It is used in the manufacture of steel
3. It is used in making household utensils
4. It is used as a catalyst in chemical reaction.
Aluminum
Symbol: Al
Atomic weight: 27amu
Atomic no: 13
Valency: 3
Ores: bauxite, feldspar, caryolite.
The electronic configuration of iron is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 2p1,
Properties
Reaction of Aluminum with acids
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2Al + conc. 6H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2Al + conc. 6H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
When aluminum is heated with nitrogen, then aluminum nitride is formed.
2Al + N2 → 2AlN
2Al + N2 → 2AlN
When aluminum is heated with chloride, then aluminum chloride is formed.
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Br2 → 2AlBr3
2Al + 3I2 → 2AlI3
Uses
The uses of aluminum are as follows:
I. It is used in making coins.
II. It is used in electric cables.
III. Aluminum foil is used in wrapping.
The uses of aluminum are as follows:
I. It is used in making coins.
II. It is used in electric cables.
III. Aluminum foil is used in wrapping.
Copper
Symbol: Cu
Atomic weight: 67.57amu
Atomic no: 29
Valency: 1 and 2
The electronic configuration of iron is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1,3d10
Properties
With concentrated Nitric acid,
Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
With dilute nitric acid
4Cu + 10HNO3 → Cu (NO3)2 + 2N2O + 4H2O
Reaction of copper with acids
Cu + conc. H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
2Cu + conc. HCl → 2CuCl + H2
Cu + conc. 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Cu + conc. H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
2Cu + conc. HCl → 2CuCl + H2
Cu + conc. 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Uses
1. It is used for making electrical goods and cables
2. It is used for making coins, pieces of jewelers.
3. It is used for electroplating
4. It is used in electrolytic process.
Silver
Symbol: Ag
Atomic weight: 107.88amu
Atomic no:47
Valency: 1
Ores: Argentite, Horn silver, pyrolite
The electronic configuration of silver is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10 4p6, 5s1, 4d10
Properties
When silver is heated with bromine, then there is formation of silver bromide.
2Ag + Br2 → 2AgBrsilver
2Ag + Br2 → 2AgBrsilver
Action with Sulphur:
2Ag + S → Ag2S (Silver Sulphide)
2. Action with halogen:
2Ag + Cl → 2AgCl (Silver Chloride)
Action with nitric acid:
Ag + conc. 2HNO3 → 3AgNO3 + 2H2O +NO
(Silver Nitrate)
The mixture is called Aqua Regia.
2Ag + conc. H2SO4 → Ag2SO4 +H2O + SO2
4Ag + conc. 4HCl + O2 → 4AgCl +2H2O
(Silver Chloride)
i.
3Ag + dil. 4HNO3 → 3AgNO3 + 2H20 +NO
Ag+ conc. 2HNO3 → AgNO3 +H2O +NO2
Uses
1. It is used for making coins, pieces of jewelers.
2. Silver bromide is used in photography.
3. It is used in the preparation of silver salts and medicine.
4. It is used for silvering mirror.
Gold
Symbol: Au
Atomic weight:197.2amu
Atomic no:79
Valency: 1 and 3
The electronic configuration of silver is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2,3d104p6, 5s2,4d10, 5p6, 6s1,4f14,5d10
Gold is called noble metal. Gold is found in native state because it does not react with other elements in ordinary conditions.
Properties
Action with Acid:
2Au + 3HNO3 + 9HCl → 3NOCl + H2O +2AUCl3
(Aqua Regia) (Nitrosyl Chloride)
Action with Halogens:
2Au + 3Cl2 → 2AuCl3
Action with alkali Cyanide:
4Au + 8KCN + 2H2O → 4K[Au (CN) 2] + 4KOH
(Potassium aurocyanide)
Uses
1. It is used for electroplating
2. It is used to prepare alloys.
3. It is used for making pieces of jewelers.
4. It is used as ornaments.
Hydrocarbons and their derivatives
Hydrocarbons are the chemical compounds made by the composition of hydrogen and carbon. Example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propene (C3H6), acetylene (C2H2) etc.
There are two types of hydro carbons. They are:
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
The hydrocarbons with single bonded carbon atoms are known as saturated hydrocarbons.
It consists of only one group i.e. alkane group.
Example: Methane, Ethane, etc.
The hydrocarbons with double bonded or triple bonded carbon atoms are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
It consists of alkene and alkyne group.
Example: Propene, Propyne, etc.
An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond. The double bond is formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons. For eg: Methane, Propane etc
Alkynes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. The triple bond is formed by the sharing of three pairs of electrons. For Eg: Acetylene, Methyl acetylene etc.
Homologous series is defined as a group of organic compounds having similar structures and chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group.
The characteristics of homologous series are:
1. All the members of the same series can be represented by the same formula.
2. All members of the series show similar chemical properties.
3. Each excessive member of a homologous series differs by CH2.
4. All the members of the same series have the same functional group like alcohol (-OH), ether (-O-) etc.
Example. C2H6,C3H8
Functional group is defined as an atom of group of atoms which determines the chemical behavior of organic compounds.
The hydrocarbon unit derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from alkane is called alkyl group.
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