Cement
The mixture of calcium silicate (fine grey) and calcium aluminate is called cement.
Cement is prepared by heating calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
and special kind of clay (Al2O3.SiO2) at a temperature of 1600°C.
Uses
Plastering of walls, between the bricks
Used for roofing and flooring
Glass
Glass is the transparent homogeneous mixture of the silicates
of alkaline and alkali metals.
Ordinary glass is made from a mixture of 50% Silica,
15% Sodium Carbonate, 10% Calcium Carbonate and 25% glass pieces.
It's useful properties are as follows:
It is used in light bulbs and other objects.
It is used in laboratory apparatus, windowpanes, glass sheets etc
Hard glass is made by heating silica with potassium carbonate and calcium
carbonate at 1500°C.
Soft glass is made by the mixture of 50% Silica, 15% sodium carbonate,
10% calcium carbonate and 25% glass pieces.
Hard glass is used in making hard glass laboratory apparatus like test tubes,
beakers and tube lightest.
Soft glass is used in making windowpanes, light bulbs and other objects.
Ceramics
Ceramics is a special type of clay containing compounds of silica, nitrogen
and oxygen. It is the clay made up of clay, feldspar, silicates.
For the production of ceramics, clay is crushed, grinded and sieved to
get fine clay. Then it is mixed in water to make a paste known as slip.
The slip formed is molded into different shapes and dried.
The hardened shapes are put into furnace and little salt is
added to make it shiny. This makes porcelain non porous,
smooth and shiny. Colors are added to make the ceramics objects attractive.
Fibers
Fibers are the extremely long sand thin hair-like strands.
Natural fibers are the fibers which are obtained from natural sources.
Example: Animal fibers, Cotton fibers etc.
Artificial fibers are the fibers which are made artificially. Example: Rayon, Nylon etc.
Plastics
Plastic is widely used than any other materials because of its
properties like transparency, lightness, less brittleness,
non-decaying, harmless effect in body, colorfulness, flexibility,
hardness, insulating heat and electricity etc.
Soap and detergents
Sodium and potassium salt of fatty acid is called soap.
It is the sodium salt of long chain fatty acids that has cleansing property in water.
Detergents are the soap less soaps because they have
cleansing property in water like soap but their chemical
nature is different from soap. In other words, any substance
which removes dirt is known as detergents. They are sodium
salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acids. Example:
Sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate, Sodium n-dodecyl sulphate.
Pesticides
Insecticides are used in killing insects that destroy the crops and eat the fruits.
If not used properly it degrades the crops as well as the fertility of the soil and
causes pollution. So, we should be careful while using insecticides.
There are two types of insecticides.
They are:
Organic Insecticides
Inorganic Insecticides
Organic Insecticides: They are the synthetic compounds made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. There are three kinds of organic insecticides.
They are chlorinated hydrocarbon, organic phosphate and carbamates.
Example: BHC (Benzene hexachloride), DDT (DichloroDiphenylTrichloro ethane) etc.
Inorganic insecticides:Inorganic insecticides are made from minerals.
They include calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, fluoride and lime sulphur.
They are used in order to protect cotton, fruits vegetables etc. Example:
Baygon, Temik etc.
Fertilizers
A good fertilizer not only supplies the essential nutrients required by the
plant but also nourishes the micro organisms, which helps to maintain the
fertility of the soil. It also improves the physical condition of the soil.
So fertilizers are necessary for the maintaining the quality of the soil.
There are two types of fertilizers.
They are
Organic fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers
Organic fertilizers: Organic fertilizers are the substance obtained from
the decay of animals and plants or the waste products of animals.
They provide necessary nutrients to plants. It can be further categorized into two types:
I. Green manure II. Compost manure
Chemical fertilizers: Chemical fertilizers are the fertilizers,
which are prepared artificially using inorganic compounds that are
used in order to overcome the deficiencies of the plant nutrients.
It can be further sub divided into three parts:
a. Nitrogen fertilizers b. Phosphorous fertilizers c. Potassium fertilizers
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